Observation and Action Spaces

Observation and Action Spaces form the interface between the model and the environment – analogous to ISA in computer architecture.

Information that does not fall into the observation space does not exist for the model.
An operation missing from the action space can only be described in words.

Therefore, with a fixed model, the main lever for improving the agent is to expand context and tools. Many “model problems” are actually interface problems.

Example: Manus combined the Deep Research, coding, and Computer Use spaces; OpenClaw expanded them to the user’s digital life.